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.................................................................................... Mars
Fictional representations of Mars have been popular for over a century. Interest in Mars has been stimulated by the planet's dramatic red color, by early scientific speculations that its surface conditions might be capable of supporting life, and by the possibility that Mars could be colonized by humans in the future. Almost as popular as stories about Mars are stories about Martians engaging in activity (frequently invasions) away from their home planet.
Science fiction film is a film genre that uses speculative, science-based depictions of imaginary phenomena such as extra-terrestrial lifeforms, alien worlds, and time travel, often along with technological elements such as futuristic spacecraft, robots, or other technologies. Science fiction films have often been used to provide social commentary on political or social issues, and to explore philosophical issues, such as "what makes us human." In many cases, tropes derived from written science fiction may be used by filmmakers ignorant of or at best indifferent to the standards of scientific plausibility and plot logic to which written science fiction is traditionally held.
The genre has existed since the early years of silent cinema, when Georges Melies' A Trip to the Moon (1902) amazed audiences with its trick photography effects. From the 1930s to the 1950s, the genre consisted mainly of low-budget B-movies. After Stanley Kubrick's 1968 landmark 2001: A Space Odyssey, the science fiction film genre was taken more seriously. In the late 1970s, big-budget science fiction films filled with special effects became popular with audiences. The hugely influential Star Wars trilogy and Close Encounters of the Third Kind, appeared, paving the way for the blockbuster hits of subsequent decades, such as E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982) and Men in Black (1997).
Before Galileo turned his telescope to the heavens, the planets of the Solar System were not recognized as potential locations or worlds. They were visible to observers merely as bright points of light, only distinguishable from stars by their motion.
In the system of Claudius Ptolemy (fl. c. 150), the Alexandrian astronomer whose works were the basis of all European astronomy throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the planets were lights set into a series of transparent spheres turning around the Earth, which was the center of the one and only universe[2]. Dante (1265-1321), in his Paradiso[3], describes the ascent of his narrator through the spheres of the Moon, the planets from Mercury to Saturn, and thence to the sphere of the fixed stars and the heavens of the angels. Dante implies that the light of the planets is a combination of light imparted by Divine will and the radiance of the blessed souls that inhabit the spheres. These planets are, however, entirely ethereal; they have light but no physical form and no geography.
Ludovico Ariosto, in his epic Orlando Furioso (1513)[4], jestingly sent his hero to a Moon where everything lost on Earth eventually turns up; but it was not until Galileo discovered (1609-1610) that the Moon had surface features, and that the other planets could, at least, be resolved into disks[5], that the concept that the planets were real physical bodies came to be taken seriously. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus had already posited that the planets orbited the Sun as the Earth does; combined, these two concepts led to the thought that the planets might be "worlds" similar to the Earth[6]. Public expression of such concepts could be dangerous, however; Giordano Bruno was martyred in 1600 for, among other things, imagining an infinite number of other worlds, and claiming that "Innumerable suns exist; innumerable Earths revolve about these suns ... Living beings inhabit these worlds" in De l'infinito universo e mondi ("Concerning the Infinite Universe and Worlds", 1584)[7].
At the time, such speculation was of a rather rarefied sort, and was limited to astronomers like Christiaan Huygens who wrote a book, Cosmotheoros (1698)[8] considering the possibility of life on other planets; or to philosophers like Campanella, who wrote in defense of Galileo. The concept of life on distant planets was not, however, much utilized in fiction. The most popular target of 17th century "science fiction" was the Moon ("visited" in fiction by Kepler[9], Godwin[10], Cyrano[11], and Defoe)[12]. Oddly, none of these fictions made use of the lunar maps contemporaneously created by Hevelius, Riccioli and others.
It was quite some time before such "extraordinary voyages" went beyond the lunar sphere. Eberhard Kindermann sent an airship to the planets in 1744 in Die Geschwinde Reise auf dem Lufft-schiff nach der obern Welt ("The Airship's Speedy Journey to the Upper World")[13]; while a traveller from the star Sirius passes inward through the Solar System, stopping at various planets in Voltaire's Micromégas (1752)[14]; followed by another outward voyage in Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert's Voyage de Milord Céton dans les Sept Planètes ("Lord Seton's Voyage Among the Seven Planets", 1765)[15]. These stories were generally unscientific and tended towards the satirical rather than the purely entertaining; their subject-matter was probably inspired by the popular writings of Fontenelle, notably his Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes ("Conversations on the Multiplicity of Worlds", 1686)[16].
With the rapid developments in the magnifying and resolving power of telescopes in the course of the 19th century, it finally became possible to distinguish surface features on other planets and even to draw maps of some of them, notably Mars. In 1877, Asaph Hall reported two moons of Mars and Giovanni Schiaparelli found the surface of Mars to be adorned with continents, seas, and canals, and a very suitable habitat for life. From the beginning of the 1880s, fictions – some more, some less scientific – involving travels to and from Mars began to be produced in great quantities, even though the observations of Percival Lowell required reassessment of Mars as a more marginal desert planet[17]. Mars remained a favored destination for fictional travellers down to the early 1960s (see Mars in fiction). Since probes revealed the absence of any indications of intelligent life on Mars, the science fictional Mars has changed to a possible future home for the human race, e.g. through terraforming.
Venus was never quite so popular as Mars, probably because it obdurately refused to display any surface features (it is covered with sulfuric acid clouds only dimly translucent to visible light), making any statement about its nature disturbingly speculative. In 1918, chemist Svante Arrhenius, deciding that Venus' cloud cover was necessarily water, decreed in The Destinies of the Stars that "A very great part of the surface of Venus is no doubt covered with swamps" and compared Venus' humidity to the tropical rain forests of the Congo[18]. Venus thus became, until the early 1960s, a place for science fiction writers to place all manner of unusual life forms, from quasi-dinosaurs to intelligent carnivorous plants, and where hostile interactions with Venusian natives were reminiscent of European colonial projects in Africa and Asia (see Venus in fiction). In fact Venus's surface is hot enough to melt lead, and it is extremely hostile to life.
Various other planets of the Solar System were used as settings for science fiction stories in the first half of the 20th century; but dissatisfaction with the limits imposed by science led many writers early on to forsake the Solar System for fictional planets around distant stars. As increasing knowledge of the Solar System made the prospects of life in the vicinity of Earth marginal at best, the extrasolar planet has become almost the only venue for contemporary science fiction.
In many works of science fiction, planets are only described casually, as points of origin and departure, or as interchangeable backdrops for space battles. This is particularly true of space opera. In other works, the planet takes center stage as the primary scene of events, and particular attention is paid to its environment and any culture that may exist on it. Adventure stories that stick to a single, well-described planet are sometimes called planetary romances; some of these planets are not very realistic and are effectively fantasy worlds.
Planets may be treated in different ways depending both on the interests of the author and the genre he or she is writing in. In some stories, a planet is mainly considered as an object in space: the interest of the fiction depends upon its astronomical characteristics, such as its mass, its geological composition, its atmosphere, how many moons it has and what size they are, how close it is to its sun (or suns) and how hot they are. Such considerations are found prominently though not exclusively in the hard science fiction genre.
In other stories, a planet is considered as a world or setting. Such a planet will be described from the point of view of a person dwelling on it, rather than from the point of view of an outside observer: the fiction may describe its geography, its history, and the social and cultural characteristics of its civilizations. Since authors usually adopt human protagonists, such planets are typically described as very hospitable to human life and, other than in geography, nearly indistinguishable from Earth; Brian Stableford calls such planets "Earth-Clones"[19].
While some authors choose to treat a planet in depth, considering it to have a wide diversity of geography, climate, politics and culture, others prefer to characterize their planets by some single global characteristic. Many of these uniform settings have become stereotypes, used in a variety of science fictional works. Such stereotypes include: the planet covered by a single city; the planet whose surface is entirely desert; the planet covered by ocean, with no landmasses; the planet on which it is perpetually winter; the planet that is self-aware; and the planet which has been artificially constructed.
Other planets appear in humorous or comical settings, sometimes spoofing more conventional science fiction. Such planets are often described with no pretense to scientific accuracy; their strange characteristics are primarily intended to amuse.
For the Star Trek universe, a detailed planetary classification system has been devised; it is not actually used by scientists.
The planet Mars
The idea of intelligent Martians was popularized by Percival Lowell[3] and in fiction, especially by Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter (Barsoom) Series, H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds and Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles. Despite the observation by Alfred Wallace that Mars' atmosphere was too thin to support an Earth-like ecology, various depictions of a Martian civilization were popular throughout the 20th century. The first pictures of Mars returned by space probes dashed hopes of contacting Martians, although dubious claims of past Martian civilizations have continued into the twenty-first century (see Cydonia for one such claim).
The real Martians
Main article: Life on Mars
Because of the prevalence of stories containing Martians, the idea of the Martian was for much of the 20th century the default identity of extraterrestrial characters in popular culture. If Mars is colonized in the future by humans, the generations descended from the settlers may well be called Martians. Some members of the Mars Society, an organization devoted to such colonization, semi-humorously describe themselves as "Martians in exile".[citation needed]
It has been suggested by scientists that life on Earth actually originated on Mars and that life arrived on Earth via a comet (see Panspermia).[citation needed]
Martians in fiction
The Martian was a favorite character of classical science fiction; he was frequently found away from his home planet, often invading Earth, but sometimes simply a lonely character representing alienness from his surroundings. Martians, other than human beings transplanted to Mars, became rare in fiction after the visit of the space probe Mariner 4 to Mars, except in exercises of deliberate nostalgia - more frequently in genres such as comics and animation than in written literature.
[edit]Literary Martians
_ The War of the Worlds (1898) by H. G. Wells. The Martians are an ancient, advanced race with a tentacled, squid-like appearance. They produce a "red weed", which is what was giving Mars its red color. They invade Earth, in huge tripedal "fighting machines" armed with "heat rays" and "black smoke" (a kind of poison gas), against which human armies of the time are helpless, conquer London and much of England (and possibly other countries as well), use human beings as food, but are overcome by terrestrial microbes.
_ There were many "additions" to the Wells novel, for example Sherlock Holmes War of the Worlds which describes the adventures of Holmes and Watson in Martian-occupied London. Kevin Anderson edited the anthology "War of the Worlds: Global Dispatches" which describes the events of the Martian invasion as experienced in France, Italy, Russia, India, China, Texas, Alaska, Equatorial Africa and other locations.
_ Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote a series of books depicting his character John Carter on Mars. In his novels, he refers to Mars as Barsoom.
_ Olaf Stapledon's Last and First Men, a vast future history published in 1930 and spanning billions of years, includes a long and carefully worked-out account of several Martian invasions of Earth over a period of tens of thousands of years. Stapledon's Martians - sentient cloudlets composed of countless microscopic particles and capable of drifting across interplanetary space - are completely different from Wells', yet the book shows his influence and follows the general scheme of a drying and dying Mars and of Martians seeking the warmer and wetter Earth. Much later in the book, the humans themselves flee the dying Earth, invade and colonise Venus and exterminate its native intelligent species.
_ Raymond Z. Gallun's Seeds of the Dusk, published in 1938, shows the influence of both Wells and Stapledon, but with a special original twist. In the far future, Earth is invaded by sentient plants from Mars, whose specialty is to make use of planets in their "dusk" - i.e., still liveable but nearing their end. (These plants had actually originated on Ganymede, in the distant past, went on to Mars, continued after long aeons to Earth, and would continue on to Venus when Earth had died too). In this case the invasion is successful and it is the Itorloo, distant descendants of Mankind, who are exterminated by a plague microbe artificially produced by the invaders. But the Itorloo had been an arrogant race, extremely cruel to sentient bird and rodent races which shared the Earth of their time, while the new plant dominant species leaves these alone - so that the reader is left to conclude that on balance, the change might be for the better.
_ In four stories by Eric Frank Russell published in the early 1940s and collected in the classic Men Martians and Machines, humans together with very likable Martians are shipmates who go out together into interstellar space, and guard each other's back while encountering various other aliens. Not accidentally, Russell's humans included blacks as well as whites - quite unusual for the time. The book can be credited with starting the SF sub-genre of spaceships with a mixed human and non-human crew, which was to reach great popularity with Star Trek. Russell's martians are chess-loving octopoids, with tentacles extending down and out from a central head with large eyes. They can survive in Earth-normal air, but prefer to don low-pressure helmets for comfort. Read today, their description is amusingly similar to that of Kang & Kodos in The Simpsons.
_ Ray Bradbury's short story The Concrete Mixer (1949) inverts the idea of a Martian invasion: the invaders are welcomed with open arms, and fall victim to a not overtly hostile but nonetheless deadly alien culture -- that of Earth.
_ John Wyndham dealt with Martians in two short stories, Time to Rest (1949) and Dumb Martian (1952).
Cover of the Spanish version of the book Martians, Go Home
_ Fredric Brown wrote Martians, Go Home (1955), a spoof of Wells' Martian invasion concept.
_ Many "invasion of Earth" stories owe much to Wells, even when their invaders come from elsewhere in the cosmos. The derivation is especially clear in John Christopher's trilogy The Tripods (1967-1968), depicting boys born on an alien-occupied Earth and dedicating themselves to overthrowing the cruel invaders - who, like Wells' Martians, move about in huge three-legged machines, towering high above the countryside.
_ Robert A. Heinlein repeatedly used Martians (usually, human beings born and bred on Mars) as characters in his novels and short stories, including:
_ Double Star (1956). The issue of giving Martians the vote becomes a central issue in Earth politics, and the hero eventually overcomes both his own deep-rooted anti-Martian prejudice and the entrenched political power of the bigots, and helps enfranchise the downtrodden Martians (publication of this book coincided with the early Civil Rights Movement of the Blacks in the US South).
_ Stranger in a Strange Land (1961). An Earthman raised on Mars returns to Earth and creates chaos. Concerned with philosophical and religious subjects.
_ Podkayne of Mars (1963). Takes place in space and on Venus, but the main characters originate from a Mars that has been colonized by humans and is an important player in Solar System diplomacy.
Film, television, and radio Martians
Monument commemorating where the martians "landed" in Van Ness Park, New York
_ The October 30, 1938 radio broadcast of The War of the Worlds. This broadcast was the cause of much confusion when it was aired, with people believing an actual Martian invasion was taking place
_ Looney Tunes – Included the cartoon character Marvin the Martian (1948-), a comic foil to Warner Bros. mainstays Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck in several animated shorts.
_ Red Planet Mars (1952) - Scientist Peter Graves contacts Martians by radio, they respond by preaching Christianity and thus Communism is defeated.
_ Invaders from Mars (1953) – A film, remade in 1986.
_ Quatermass and the Pit (1958-9) - A British television serial in which a crashed spacecraft is discovered in London, which reveals that humanity on Earth is the result of experiments by a Martian civilisation, now long dead. It was remade as a film in 1967.
_ My Favorite Martian (1963-1966) – A television comedy series and film.
_ Doctor Who -Includes a race native to the planet Mars known as the Ice Warriors
_ Captain Scarlet (1967-1968) – The Martians at war with Earth are the Mysterons — an invisible race of superbeings hell-bent on revenge after an unprovoked attack on their Martian city by Captain Black, a Spectrum agent investigating strange alien signals.
_ Spaced Invaders (1990) – A sci-fi comedy in which dim-witted Martians attempt to invade a small Illinois town during a re-broadcast of Orson Welles 1938 "War of the Worlds".
_ Biker Mice from Mars (1993-1995) – A cartoon series about three Martian Mice who crash-land on Earth after their ship is attacked by their enemies, the fish-like Plutarkians. The Mice --leader Throttle, gentle-giant Modo, and wild-mouse Vinnie-- decide to remain on Earth to fight the Plutarkian Lawerence Limburger, who threatens Chicago.
Mars Attacks!
_ Mars Attacks! (1996), – A satirical film directed by Tim Burton, based on the equally satirical, unpunctuated Topps trading card series Mars Attacks (1962); see below in other media).
Martians in comics
_ In the DC Comics universe, the Martian Manhunter (J'onn J'onzz) (1955) is a superhero and member of the Justice League. In at least some variations, he is believed to be the last of his race. Other DC creations include Miss Martian and the White Martians.
_ In the future world of Marvel Comics' Killraven (1973-), the Martian Masters who orchestrated the invasion in The War of the Worlds returned to Earth a century later and conquered it; they were overthrown by rebels led by the psychic human Jonathan Raven, alias Killraven.
_ Mark Starks' Martian is a superhero graphic novel published in 2006. "Martian" is an intergalactic cop who patrols the galaxy with his female Earthling partner, Terra.
_ Mr. Martian of Big Bang Comics is an exile from Mars.
_ Martians are also rarely-seen protagonists in the web-comic It's Walky. In IW, Martians have left their dying world, denied themselves the opportinity to invade Earth, and founded a galactic-wide empire. They return to take vengeance on Humanity when the few martians on Earth are killed in an elaborate set-up by an alternate dimensions Human refugees.
_ One of the central themes in Irregular Webcomic! features a small group of Martians, represented by Lego figurines.
_ A Martian dragon appears in the fiction-within-a-fiction story "The Heterodyne Boys and the Dragon from Mars", from the steampunk webcomic Girl Genius.
Martians in video games
_ LucasArts' 1988 graphic adventure game Zak McCracken and the Alien Mindbenders deals with Martians looking to make everybody on Earth totally stupid with a device that nulls brainwaves. It's hidden in the face on Mars.
_ In the video game Destroy All Humans! (2005), the Martians were wiped out by the Furons, and in its sequel, Destroy All Humans! 2 (2006), the Martians come back, but they are known as the Blisk.
_ In the video game Radical Dreamers, the main villain appears as a giant, lime-green, Martian octopus in one scenario. Other references to Mars are made throughout this scenario.
_ In the Metal Slug series, the Mars People are very similar to the ones described by H.G. Wells and are constantly trying to conquer Earth. They also make fun of science fiction movies and strange phenomenon.
_ In the turned-based tactics game X-COM: UFO Defense the alien invaders use Mars as a base of operations in which to launch UFO attacks on Earth.
_ LucasArts/Konami video game: "zombies ate my neighbors" in some levels appear martians as big Green Brained humanoids carring a Bubble Gun also a Martian Space Ship appear; several Levels have names of 80´s B-movies like: "Martians GO Home!", "The Day of the earth ran away", "Martians need Cheerleadears"
[edit]Martians in other media
_ The 1962 trading card series Mars Attacks (no exclamation point, unlike the 1996 film based on it) depicts an invasion of Earth by hideous, skeletal Martians. The exaggerated, satirical violence of the series made it a cult favorite.
_ The Misfits have various songs related to Martians.
_ The Red Hot Chili Peppers have a song entitled "Death of a Martian"
See also
_ Extraterrestrial life
_ Mars in fiction
_ Martian scientist
_ Venusian
References
1 ^ NASA
2 ^ CNN
3 ^ Malin Space Science Systems
Martian Rocker Music Available here....
& So many more we don't know about?
Aleshenka (Russian: _________, Alyoshenka, a hypocoristic for the Russian male first name Alexey) was a small creature found in the village of Kaolinovy, near Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk in August, 1996. Aleshenka was found by an old woman, Tamara Vasilievna Prosvirina, who was mentally ill. The creature had an unusual appearance, giving rise to rumors of its extraterrestrial origin. The local population readily supported this rumor, collecting easy money from reporters for interviews. At least two Japanese companies (Asahi TV and MTV Japan) made documentaries about the creature.
Contents
1 Physical appearance
2 Later incidents
3 Investigation
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
Physical appearance
A screenshot from the police videotape documenting the autopsy of Alyoshenka's corpse
Aleshenka was a greyish creature about twenty-five centimeters in length. Its head was hairless, with a number of dark spots on the head. The eyes were large, occupying most of the face. It breathed with the help of a small nose below the eyes.
Later incidents
A few days after the discovery, Tamara Prosvirina was admitted to a psychiatric hospital for treatment, and Aleshenka's corpse (the time and cause of death unknown) was passed on to local militsiya (police) by a neighbour. In 1999, Prosvirina was killed in an automobile accident in an attempt to escape the hospital.[1]
Investigation
Very little is known about what happened to Aleshenka’s remains, and accounts of its death and appearance vary greatly. A local ufologist claimed that the corpse was taken away by a UFO inhabited by members of Aleshenka's species. Some skeptics hold that it was bought by a wealthy collector of curiosities. A doctor from the local hospital who had allegedly seen the corpse claimed that it corresponded to a normal 20-25 week human foetus, prematurely born. It could have lived for several hours, but not several weeks, contrary to Prosvirina's claims. [2]
According to genetic experts at the Moscow Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, DNA analysis of the clothes Aleshenka was wrapped in revealed no evidence that "he" was extraterrestrial. On April 15, 2004 the scientists made an official statement that the "Kyshtym creature" was a premature female human infant, with severe deformities.
Cat-like aliens, or Felinoids —aliens that resemble terrestrial cats—are a common fixture in science fiction. They have become a common trope of fictional aliens, being seen in many fictional universes (as shown below), perhaps because cats both large and small are so widely known and recognized in most human cultures. Catlike beings and cat-human hybrids are also seen in some works of fantasy, as well as in the myths and legends of numerous cultures.
What follows below are an incomplete list of such creatures in the realm of science fiction. See also List of fictional cats for a complete listing of cats in other areas and genres.
Contents
1 Named Feline Races
2 Unnamed Feline Races
3 Other Feline Races
4 See also
5 External links
Named Feline Races
_ The Iskai - Blue Byte Software, Albion (Computer Roleplaying Game):
Iskai are similar to humans, though their evolutionary path must have originated with felines. They are generally taller and thinner than humans, due to the gravity on Albion being 90% of what it is on earth. The body of an Iskai is covered with short, dense fur, with longer patches over the chest and waist area, and a slightly different colour hair covering their heads. The face of an Iskai is mainly cat like, with two visible canines. Iskai senses are better than those of humans, especially their sense of smell. Iskai are omnivorous. Though called mammals in spite of living on another planet, they have a few physiological features that differ noticeably from all species of Earth mammals, such as an emphatic/telepathic forehead organ called a Trii and bony "claws" between their toes rather than at the end of them.
Dropa (also Dropas, Drok-pa or Dzopa, Chinese: ___ ) is the name given to what are said by some to be a race of dwarf-like extraterrestrials that landed near the China-Tibet border approximately twelve thousand years ago. There is no commonly accepted evidence that any such beings existed or any such landings occurred.
Contents
1 Discovery
2 Further research
2.1 Russian research
2.2 Wegerer's Photos
3 Corroboration
4 Ham and Dropa tribes
5 Reports
6 Criticism
7 References
8 See also
Discovery
According Chi Pu Tei (Chinese:___); professor of archeology at Beijing University, in 1938 he and his students were on an expedition to explore a series of caves in the Bayan Kara Ula range of the Himalayan mountains, near Qinghai region. The caves appeared to have been artificially carved into a system of tunnels and underground storerooms. The walls, it is said, were squared and glazed, as if cut into the mountain with great heat.
The explorers are said to have found many neat rows of tombs with short 138 cm skeletons buried within. The skeletons had abnormally big heads, and small, thin, fragile bodies. A member of the team suggested that these might be the remains of an unknown species of mountain gorilla. Prof. Chi Pu Tei was said to respond, "Who ever heard of apes burying one another?"
There were no epitaphs at the graves, but instead hundreds of 30 cm wide stone discs - referred to as Dropa Stones - each with a 20 mm hole in their centers. Each stone disk was said to be inscribed with two fine grooves spiraling from the edge to a hole in the disk's center, resembling the Phaistos Disk. The disks were labeled along with other finds of the expedition and stored away at Beijing University for 20 years, during which deciphering attempts were unsuccessful.
When the disks were closely examined by Dr. Tsum Um Nui of Beijing around 1958, he concluded that each groove actually consisted of a series of tiny hieroglyphs of unknown pattern and origin. The rows of hieroglyphs were so small that a magnifying glass was needed to see them clearly. Many of the hieroglyphics had been worn away by erosion. When Dr. Tsum deciphered the symbols, they told the story of the crash-landing of the Dropa spaceship and the killing of most of the survivors by local people.
According to Tsum Um Nui, one of the lines of the hieroglyphs reads,
"The Dropas came down from the clouds in their aircraft. Our men, women and children hid in the caves ten times before sunrise. When at last they understood the sign language of the Dropas, they realized that the newcomers had peaceful intentions…"
Another section expresses "regret" by the Ham that the aliens' craft had crash-landed in such a remote and inaccessible mountain range and that there had been no way to build a new one to enable the Dropas to return to their own planet.
Dr. Tsum's report is said to have appeared in a professional journal in 1962, and he is said to have been ridiculed to the point of self-imposed exile in Japan, where he died. The Peking Academy of Pre-History never allowed him to publish or speak of his findings again.
"Tsum Um Nui" is not a real Chinese name and it has been suggested it was either fictitious or was a Japanese name that was transliterated into Chinese.
Further research
In 1965 , Professor Chi Pu Tei and four of his colleagues were finally given permission to reveal their theory. They published it under the title "The Grooved Script concerning Space-ships which, as recorded on the Discs, landed on Earth 12,000 years ago".[citation needed]
The records—some 716 grooved discs later uncovered in the same caves—tell of a space probe sent by the inhabitants of another planet. After landing at the Bayan-Kara-Ula mountain range, the scripts allegedly say, the peaceful intentions of the aliens confused the members of the Ham tribe, inhabitants of the neighboring caves, who hunted down and killed the extraterrestrials.
It is possible that the alleged Dropa Disks are in fact Bi discs, a man-made artifact. Thousands of these have been found throughout China, mostly in the Southeastern Provinces. Bi discs range in size of a few inches to several feet, and are most commonly made of jade or nephrite, with a round or square small central hole, similar to the alleged Dropa Disks. Most Bi discs date to the late Neolithic Period (c. 3000 BC), but are found up to the Shang Dynasty. Bi discs from after the Shang Dynasty are usually more ornate, carved with dragons, snakes and sometimes fish, and were used in ritual ceremonies. Most Neolithic Bi discs were found in gravesites, buried beneath the head or feet of the deceased. It is theorised that this was to assist the deceased's spirit. No Bi discs have been found to contain writing or spiral grooves as described in the Dropa story by authors such as Hartwig Hausdorf.
The Dropa Disks are said to be only 30 cm in diameter. However, one black and white photograph claimed by Hausdorf and others to display a Dropa Disk clearly shows the disk resting on a seat, and it is clearly several feet in diameter and has no markings whatsoever.
Russian research
Russian scientists asked to see the discs and several were sent to Moscow for examination. They were scraped free of rock particles which had stuck to them and then put through chemical analysis.[citation needed]
To the surprise of the scientists, the disks contained large amounts of cobalt and other metallic substances.[citation needed] When placed on a special turntable—according to Dr. Vyatcheslav Saizev, who described the experiments in the Soviet magazine Sputnik—they vibrate or "hum" in an unusual rhythm as though an electric charge is passing through them.[citation needed] Or as one scientist suggested, "as if they formed some part of an electrical circuit." At some time, they have clearly been exposed to extraordinarily high voltages and extreme temperature fluctuations. The inscriptions have been said to have read out like the roman numerals of all the prime numbers.[citation needed]
"They seem like ancient hard disks, spinning like the hard disks we have nowadays. Perhaps if we could read these ancient hard disks, we would find more answers."
Wegerer's Photos
In 1974, Ernst Wegerer, an Austrian engineer, photographed two disks that met the descriptions of the fabled discs. He was on a guided tour of the Banpo Museum in Xi'an, when he saw the stone discs on display. He claims he saw a hole in the center of each disc and hieroglyphs in partly crumbled spiral-like grooves.[citation needed]
Wegerer asked the managers of Banpo-Museum for more information on the pieces in the showcase. The manager knew nothing of the stones' history, though she was able to tell a complete story about all the other artifacts made from clay. She only knew that the stone discs were unimportant "cult objects".[citation needed]
Wegerer was allowed to take one of the discs in his hand. He estimated their weight at 1 kg, and the diameter at 30 cm. The hieroglyphs can't be seen in his photos, because they have crumbled away partly, and his camera's flash washed out the fine detail, such as the spiral grooves.[citation needed]
A few days after his visit, the manager was called away from her job without telling her why. She and the two stone discs vanished, according to Professor Wang Zhijun, the Director of the Banpo-Museum in March of 1994.[citation needed]
Corroboration
In the years since the discovery of the first disc, archeologists and anthropologists have learned more about the isolated Bayan-Kara-Ula area. Much of the information has been interpreted as corroborating the story recorded on the discs.[citation needed]
Legends supposedly still preserved in the area speak of small, gaunt, yellow-faced men who "came from the clouds, long, long ago". The men had huge, bulging heads and puny bodies and were so ugly and repellent that they were shunned by everyone. "Men with the quick horses" hunted down the ugly dwarfs. Strangely, the description of the "invaders" is said to match that of the skeletons originally discovered in the caves by Professor Chi Pu Tei.[citation needed]
Ham and Dropa tribes
The area in question is still inhabited by tribes known as the Hams ([Kham]) and the Dropas.
Drokpa (tib. <hbrog pa>) literally means pasturer ('pasture+nominalizer') and denotes the Tibetan nomads, as opposed to farmers. The Drokpa, as well as the Ham, are entirely normal Tibetans: they are not undersized, they are not physically abnormal, and they do not dwell in caves.
An elder race in science fiction, fantasy, or horror fiction is a fictional alien race that preceded humanity. Occasionally they are a more advanced version of humanity instead of aliens (e.g., the Stargate Ancients). Elder races generally have abilities and technologies (or magics, in the case of fantasy) that far surpass that of humanity. In works of science fiction, their technologies are often so advanced as to seem magical or even godlike both to the human protagonists and to the present-day reader.
In some works, the elder race has long since departed the scene, leaving nothing but artifacts and other evidence of their activities. In others, the elder race remains in existence, but is in decline or has deliberately withdrawn to the periphery in order to avoid interfering with the development of humanity and any other younger races. A few elder races are portrayed as still being very much active in the story-current scene, and members of them may function as advisors or as antagonists.
Some elder races are portrayed as wise benefactors, bringing culture and knowledge to humanity and other younger races. Other elder races are callous exploiters, and regard younger races as so much raw material to be used and even used up. A few are portrayed ambiguously, with their well-intended actions having unexpected consequences. For instance, a client race may use their new-found technology for self-destruction, or a policy of non-interference may turn out to be a way of abdicating responsibility for using one's power wisely.
An energy being or astral being is a name given to what are said to be a group of lifeforms that are made out of pure energy and not made of matter.
Organism
(Redirected from Lifeform)
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“Life on Earth” redirects here. For the TV series, see Life on Earth (TV series).
Life on Earth
Fossil range: Late Hadean - Recent
These Escherichia coli cells provide an example of a microorganism
Scientific classification
(unranked)
Life on Earth (Gaeabionta)
Domains and Kingdoms
_ Nanobes ?
_ Acytota **?
_ Cytota
_ Bacteria *
_ Neomura
_ Archaea
_ Eukaryota
_ Bikonta
_ Apusozoa
_ Cabozoa
_ Rhizaria
_ Excavata
_ Corticata
_ Archaeplastida
_ Rhodophyta
_ Glaucophyta
_ Plantae
_ Chromalveolata
_ Heterokontophyta
_ Haptophyta
_ Cryptophyta
_ Alveolata
_ Unikonta
_ Amoebozoa
_ Opisthokonta
_ Choanozoa
_ Fungi
_ Animalia
A superorganism is an organism consisting of many organisms. This is usually meant to be a social unit of eusocial animals, where division of labour is highly specialised and where individuals are not able to survive by themselves for extended periods of time. Ants are the most well known example of such a superorganism. Thermoregulation, a feature usually exhibited by individual organisms, does not occur in individuals or small groups of honeybees of the species Apis mellifera. When these bees pack together in clusters of between 5000 and 40000, the colony can thermoregulate.[3] James Lovelock, with his "Gaia Theory" has paralleled the work of Vladimir Vernadsky, who suggested the whole of the biosphere in some respects can be considered as a superorganism
Energy
This article is about the physical quantity: for other uses of the word "energy", see Energy (disambiguation).
Lightning is the electric breakdown of air by strong electric fields, or a plasma, which causes an energy transfer from the electric field to heat, mechanical energy (the random motion of air molecules caused by the heat), and light.
In physics and other sciences, energy (from the Greek _______, energos, "active, working")[1] is a scalar physical quantity that is a property of objects and systems of objects which is conserved by nature. Several different forms, such as kinetic, potential, thermal, electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear, and mass have been defined to explain all known natural phenomena.
Energy may be transformed from one form to another, but it is never created or destroyed. This principle, the conservation of energy, was first postulated in the early 19th century, and applies to any isolated system. According to Noether's theorem, the conservation of energy is a consequence of the fact that the laws of physics do not change over time.[2]
Although the total energy of a system does not change with time, its value may depend on the frame of reference. For example, a passenger in an airplane has zero kinetic energy relative to the airplane, but nonzero kinetic energy relative to the earth.
Contents
1 History
2 Energy in various contexts
3 Regarding applications of the concept of energy
3.1 Energy transfer
3.2 Energy and the laws of motion
3.3 The Hamiltonian
3.4 The Lagrangian
3.5 Energy and thermodynamics
3.5.1 Internal energy
3.5.2 The laws of thermodynamics
3.6 Equipartition of energy
3.7 Oscillators, phonons, and photons
3.8 Work and virtual work
3.9 Quantum mechanics
3.10 Relativity
4 Measurement
4.1 Methods
4.2 Units
5 Forms of energy
5.1 Potential energy
5.1.1 Gravitational potential energy
5.1.2 Elastic potential energy
5.2 Kinetic energy
5.3 Thermal energy
5.4 Electrical energy
5.4.1 Magnetic energy
5.4.2 Electromagnetic fields
5.5 Chemical energy
5.6 Nuclear energy
6 Transformations of energy
7 Law of conservation of energy
8 Energy and life
9 See also
10 Notes and references
11 Further reading
12 External links
Forms of energy
Heat, a form of energy, is partly potential energy and partly kinetic energy.
Classical mechanics distinguishes between potential energy, which is a function of the position of an object, and kinetic energy, which is a function of its movement. Both position and movement are relative to a frame of reference, which must be specified: this is often (and originally) an arbitrary fixed point on the surface of the Earth, the terrestrial frame of reference. Some introductory authors[citation needed] attempt to separate all forms of energy in either kinetic or potential: this is not incorrect, but neither is it clear that it is a real simplification, as Feynman points out:
These notions of potential and kinetic energy depend on a notion of length scale. For example, one can speak of macroscopic potential and kinetic energy, which do not include thermal potential and kinetic energy. Also what is called chemical potential energy (below) is a macroscopic notion, and closer examination shows that it is really the sum of the potential and kinetic energy on the atomic and subatomic scale. Similar remarks apply to nuclear "potential" energy and most other forms of energy. This dependence on length scale is non-problematic if the various length scales are decoupled, as is often the case ... but confusion can arise when different length scales are coupled, for instance when friction converts macroscopic work into microscopic thermal energy.
Examples of the interconversion of energy
Mechanical energy is converted
into
by
Mechanical energy
Lever
Thermal energy
Brakes
Electrical energy
Dynamo
Electromagnetic radiation
Synchrotron
Chemical energy
Matches
Nuclear energy
Particle accelerator
Potential energy.
Examples of the interconversion of energy
Thermal energy is converted
into
by
Mechanical energy
Steam turbine
Thermal energy
Heat exchanger
Electrical energy
Thermocouple
Electromagnetic radiation
Hot objects
Chemical energy
Blast furnace
Nuclear energy
Supernova
Matter
This article is about matter in physics and chemistry. For other uses, see Matter (disambiguation).
In chemistry and physics, matter is commonly defined as the substance of which physical objects are composed, not counting the contribution of various energy or force-fields, which are not usually considered to be matter per se (though they may contribute to the mass of objects). Matter constitutes much of the observable universe, although again, light is not ordinarily considered matter. Unfortunately, for scientific purposes, "matter" is somewhat loosely defined. Regarding this difficulties concerning the definition of "matter", V.I. Lenin in his work "Materialism and empiriocriticism" proposed to define "matter" as the objective reality, which is given in our senses and is reflected by them
For other uses, see grays (disambiguation).
Greys
Creature
Name:
Greys
AKA:
Roswell Aliens,
Zeta,
Reticulian
Classification
Grouping:
Extraterrestrial
Data
First reported:
September 19, 1961
Last sighted:
Present Day
Status:
Unconfirmed
In Ufology, Greys, also known as Roswell aliens, Zetas, and Reticulians, are alleged extraterrestrial life forms that appear in modern UFO conspiracy theories and other UFO-related paranormal phenomena. They make up approximately 75 percent of all aliens reported in the United States, 20 percent of all aliens reported in Continental Europe, and 12 percent of all aliens reported in Great Britain.[1] In American popular culture they have replaced little green men as the most typical extraterrestrial life form.
Contents
1 Appearance
2 The Grey in society and culture
2.1 1890-1950
2.2 1950-1960
2.3 1960-1970
2.4 1970-1980
2.5 1980-1990
2.6 1990-Present day
3 Perspectives
4 In popular culture
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Appearance
Typically, Greys are described as being approximately 120 cm (four feet) tall, with grey (sometimes blue-grey/green-grey) skin. Their body is typically described as being elongated, and lacking in muscular definition. Their legs are shorter and jointed differently than one would expect in a human, giving them an apparently awkward gait. Their arms often reach down to their knees, and some accounts give them three digits, or three digits and a thumb on each hand. They have a bulbous, hairless head supported by a thin neck, which is dominated by large, (usually black) lidless eyes. They typically have small flat noses, small mouths and small ears lacking a pinna. In some cases, Greys are said to have slit-like nostrils on a flat face.[2][3][4][5]
Some accounts have Greys wearing tight neutral colored uniform-like jumpsuits. Other reports have them appearing to be naked. In most cases, clothed Greys have no determinable gender and naked Greys have no visible external genitals.[3]
The Grey in society and culture
1890-1950
Although the exact appearance of the Grey has varied with time and media, the overall concept of "a thin diminutive grey figure with a bulbous bald head, large almond shape eyes, and minimal facial features", has existed in popular culture for over 100 years. Grey-like beings have appeared in numerous science fiction stories from the late 19th century onwards; including H.G. Wells' Of a Book Unwritten, The Man of the Year Million; in which Wells writes about the hypothesis that the increasing industrialization of society would lead to humans developing into Grey-like beings with shrunken bodies and enlarged brains, and his 1901 book The First Men in the Moon in which he describes the moon dwelling Selenites as being short, grey skinned creatures, with high foreheads, no nose, and bulging eyes who walked with a strange gait due to their oddly articulated legs.[6]
The Conquerors
The concept was continued in comics and science fiction magazines into the early 20th century, including such works as David H. Keller's The Conquerors, which was serialized in the Wonder stories, starting in 1929 December.
1950-1960
In the wake of the Kenneth Arnold sightings, the 1950s saw an increased public awareness of ETH and Flying saucer in America; leading to a corresponding increase in the appearance of Grey-like creatures in cinema and television.
1960-1970
Until the 1960s, the image of the Grey primarily existed in popular fiction, but this began to change in 1965 when the Boston Traveler published the purportedly true story of abductees Betty and Barney Hill. The story included details from a hypnosis session, conducted a year earlier by Dr. Benjamin Simon, in which the Hills described being taken aboard a pancake-like craft by small hairless men with no noses and slanted eyes that wrapped around to the sides of their heads.[7]
An alien seen on TV 12 days prior to the making of Hill's 'Grey' hypnosis tape
Coincidentally on the 10th of February 1964; 12 days prior to the Hill's undergoing hypnosis, the science fiction series The Outer Limits ran an episode entitled "The Bellero Shield", which featured a hairless, noseless alien with a bulbous head and 'wrap-around eyes'.[8]
However, these similarities of greys to the TV episode being are disputed, mainly because the TV being is as tall as a human, does not have a very big head, his eyes are not that big, has no black eyes, and has a glowing body.
Furthermore, Betty Hill maintained that she had not seen The Outer Limits, and said that it was unlikely that her husband had seen the episode, because he would either have been working, or performing community activities, during the series' time slot.[8]
The 'Star Map' to Zeta Reticuli, as extrapolated by Betty Hill and Marjorie Fish
In 1968, Greys became associated with the Zeta Reticuli system, after amateur astronomer Marjorie Fish compared a Star Map drawn by Betty Hill to astronomical charts, and determined that the twelve stars depicted on the map showed the aliens home to be a planet in the Zeta Reticuli system, situated approximately 39 light years from Earth. This led to Greys sometimes being referred to as 'Zetas' or 'Reticulians' in popular culture.
1970-1980
In 1977, Director Steven Spielberg chose Greys as the alien protagonist for his film, Close Encounters of the Third Kind. The Greys have since become the archetypal image of an alien for many UFO believers and science fiction fans.
1980-1990
During the early 1980s Greys were linked to the alleged crash landing of a flying saucer in Roswell New Mexico, in 1947, by a number of publications which contained statements from witnesses who claimed to have seen the US military handling a number of unusually proportioned, bald, child-sized corpses. The witnesses claimed that the corpses had over-sized heads and slanted eyes - but scant other facial features - during and after the incident.[9]
In 1987 popular novelist Whitley Strieber published the book Communion, in which he describes a number of close encounters he purports to have experienced with Greys and other extraterrestrial beings. The book became a New York Times bestseller.
[edit]1990-Present day
During the 1990s, popular culture began to increasingly link Greys to a number of Military-industrial complex/New World Order conspiracy theories.
Arguably, the most well known of these was The X-Files, which first screened in 1993. It combined the quest to find proof of the existence of Grey-like extraterrestrials with a number of UFO conspiracy theory subplots, in order to form its primary story arc. Other notable examples include Dark Skies; first broadcast in 1996, which expanded upon the MJ-12 conspiracy, and Stargate SG-1 which in the 1998 episode "Thor's Chariot" introduced the Asgard, a race of beneficent Greys who visited ancient Earth masquerading as characters from Norse Mythology.
In 1995 film maker Ray Santilli claimed to have obtained 22 reels of 16mm film that depicted the autopsy of a real life Grey that was said to have been recovered from the site of the 1947 incident in Roswell, New Mexico.[10][11] However, in 2006 Santilli announced that the film was not original, but was instead a reconstruction created after the original film was found to have degraded. He maintained that a real Grey had been found and autopsied on camera in 1947, and that the footage released to the public contained a percentage of that original footage, but he was not able to say what that percentage was. This film became the subject of the British comedy movie Alien Autopsy staring popular television presenters Ant & Dec.[12][13]
In recent years, public opinion polls have indicated wide public belief that aliens have visited Earth. Grey aliens are the most commonly cited. Dr. Steven Greer, head of CSETI, accumulated testimony by 470 current and former government officials, including astronauts, officials with the Pentagon, and one former National Security Council member, all of whom testify to having seen aliens and ufos. [citation needed]
Perspectives
While Greys are commonly portrayed as being factual/fictional extraterrestrials, many related and alternative hypothesis exist in both science and popular culture.
Neurologist Dr. Steven Novella believes that the physical appearance of a Grey does not represent a real flesh and blood creature, but that it is instead a byproduct of the human imagination, with the Greys' most distinctive features representing everything that modern humans traditionally link with intelligence. “The aliens, however, do not just appear as humans, they appear like humans with those traits we psychologically associate with intelligence.” Novella holds that if you were to plot the physical differences between an ape and a human, and then were then to apply these differences directly to a human model, the resulting human would strongly resemble a Grey. [14]
Philosopher Michael Grosso believes that Greys, along with many paranormal myths and legends throughout history, are the telepathic manifestation of the collective consciousness of a community or culture. [15] He proposes that the physical form of the Grey is that of a malnourished human being, not an alien, and that Greys may be a manifestation of guilt felt by the developed world over the plight of the developing world.
American researcher and self-termed alternative knowledge author Lloyd Pye advocates the hypothesis that modern Humans are the result of genetic intervention by Greys from another star system, and believes that there has been a sustained program to crossbreed Greys and Humans over the centuries. He holds that the Mexico Starchild skull constitutes empirical evidence in support of his standpoint.[16] According to English reproductive biologist Jack Cohen, the typical image of a Grey; given that it would have evolved on a world with different environmental and ecological conditions from Earth, is too physiologically similar to a human to be credible as a representation of an alien. [17]
It has also been suggested that Greys represent"
_ A modern iteration of ancient folklore and myth
_ Part of a government-led disinformation/plausible deniability campaign[4]
_ Extradimensional life forms[18]
_ A product of Government mind control experiments.
In science fiction, a Jovian is an inhabitant of the planet Jupiter.
Contents
1 Jovians in literature
2 In comics
3 In animated film and television
4 See also
Jovians in literature
_ In H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos (1928–...), Jupiter was the one-time home of the flying polyps.
_ In Isaac Asimov's short story Victory Unintentional (1942), human colonists on Ganymede send robots to Jupiter to contact the Jovians, who are planning a war with the humans.
_ In John Carter of Mars: Skeleton Men of Jupiter (1943), the eleventh and last Barsoom book by Edgar Rice Burroughs, the hero John Carter is kidnapped and taken to Jupiter by its inhabitants, the Morgors, also called "Skeleton Men" because they look like walking human skeletons. Jupiter is described as a harsh world warmed only by volcanoes, with forests of sentient trees.
_ Arthur C. Clarke's A Meeting with Medusa (1972) proposes giant atmospheric beasts living in Jupiter's atmosphere.
Sculpture of a Wellsian Martian Tripod in the town of Woking.
As an adjective, the term Martian is used to describe anything pertaining to the planet Mars.
However, a Martian is more usually a hypothetical or science fictional native inhabitant of the planet Mars. Historically, life on Mars has often been hypothesized, although there is currently no solid evidence of life there at present. Some scientist has theorized that there is meteorite evidence of fossilised microbes.[1][2]
Contents
1 History of the concept
2 The real Martians
3 Martians in fiction
3.1 Literary Martians
3.2 Film, television, and radio Martians
3.3 Martians in comics
3.4 Martians in video games
3.5 Martians in other media
4 See also
5 References
History of the concept
The planet Mars
The idea of intelligent Martians was popularized by Percival Lowell[3] and in fiction, especially by Edgar Rice Burroughs' John Carter (Barsoom) Series, H.G. Wells' The War of the Worlds and Ray Bradbury's The Martian Chronicles. Despite the observation by Alfred Wallace that Mars' atmosphere was too thin to support an Earth-like ecology, various depictions of a Martian civilization were popular throughout the 20th century. The first pictures of Mars returned by space probes dashed hopes of contacting Martians, although dubious claims of past Martian civilizations have continued into the twenty-first century (see Cydonia for one such claim).
The real Martians
Main article: Life on Mars
Because of the prevalence of stories containing Martians, the idea of the Martian was for much of the 20th century the default identity of extraterrestrial characters in popular culture. If Mars is colonized in the future by humans, the generations descended from the settlers may well be called Martians. Some members of the Mars Society, an organization devoted to such colonization, semi-humorously describe themselves as "Martians in exile".[citation needed]
It has been suggested by scientists that life on Earth actually originated on Mars and that life arrived on Earth via a comet (see Panspermia).[citation needed]
Martians in fiction
The Martian was a favorite character of classical science fiction; he was frequently found away from his home planet, often invading Earth, but sometimes simply a lonely character representing alienness from his surroundings. Martians, other than human beings transplanted to Mars, became rare in fiction after the visit of the space probe Mariner 4 to Mars, except in exercises of deliberate nostalgia - more frequently in genres such as comics and animation than in written literature.
Nordic Aliens
Creature
Name:
Nordic Aliens
AKA:
Pleiadeans
Classification
Grouping:
Extraterrestrial
Data
Status:
Unconfirmed
Nordic aliens is a name given to what are said to be a group of humanoid extraterrestrials. They are so named because they are said to resemble Nordic or Scandinavian racial images. [1]
Nordic aliens form a notable part of UFO/abduction belief and the contactee movement in European nations, but are not commonly found in accounts from the US. [2][3] Owing to the writings of Ufologist and self-professed contactee Billy Meier, they are sometimes known as Pleiadeans or Errans, and are said to be from the Pleiades star cluster in the constellation of Taurus, [4] although they have been known by other names, and were originally said to come from Venus or other planets within the Solar system.
Contents
1 Appearance
2 Transatlantic divide
3 Contactees
4 References
5 Further reading
6 See also
7 External Links
Appearance
Nordic aliens are said to be humanoid in appearance, with pale white skin, colorless lips, and hair that is either light blond or white. [5] Some account describe them as having pale blue eyes [5], though it is more common for them to be described as having red, yellow, green, blue or pink eyes. Most accounts say that they are tall, statuesque, and attractive. It is more common for them to be reported as being male than female. [6][3][1]
Transatlantic divide
While Greys make up 75 percent of all reported alien encounters in the US they appear in fewer than 20 percent of European reports. As such, Europeans are several times more likely to report encountering a Nordic alien than a Grey. The nation with the highest proportion of reported encounters with Nordic aliens is the United Kingdom. [7][2][3]
Speaking during their 1994 convention in Washington, CSICOP representatives noted that British contact reports typically spoke of Nordic aliens, and did not include Greys in any number until 1987, when Whitley Strieber's novel Communion became a best seller there. [7]
Contactees
George Adamski was one of the first contactees to report a description of UFO occupants. On 20 November 1952 he reportedly met and spoke with a being called Orthon, after seeing a UFO in Arizona. Adamski described him as looking human, with long, wavy, blond hair, and that "the beauty of his form surpassed anything I had ever seen". However, Orthon was not entirely human in appearance, having slightly slanted eyes. According to Adamski, Orthon said that he was from Venus.[8]
Howard Menger also claimed to have met similar beings, although his statements are controversial, as he retracted his story - then recanted his retraction. [9] Orfeo Angelucci,[10] and Elizabeth Klarer[1] also described similar beings in their contact stories.
In an interview with the Washington Post, Michael E. Salla suggested the possibility that in February of 1954, at Edwards Air Force Base, United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower had met with some Nordics in an attempt to formulate an agreement over technology exchange, and the elimination of the American nuclear arsenal. [5]
British contactees included Cynthia Appleton in the late 1950s, who claimed that her son Matthew was fathered by a Venusian visitor, [11] and Mollie Thompson a few years later, who also claimed a meeting with blond Venusians, and was sufficiently inspired by the experience to record several songs about it.
Please help improve this article.
Reptilian-Humanoid Render
Reptilian-Humanoid as reported
to the Reptoids Research Center.
Creature
Name:
Reptilian-Humanoid Render
AKA:
Reptoids,
dinosauroids,
Draconians,
lizardfolk,
lizardmen,
Saurians,
Sauroids
Classification
Grouping:
InnerTerrestrial
Extraterrestrial
Mythology
Cryptid
Data
First reported:
(Claimed) Ancient city of Ur,
Mesopotamia.
Last sighted:
Present day
Country:
Various
Habitat:
Various
Status:
Unconfirmed
Reptilian humanoids are a common motif in mythology, folklore, science fiction, ufology, and the conspiracy theories of John Rhodes, David Icke, and Riley Martin. They are variously said to be extraterrestrials, supernatural entities, or the remains of a pre-Human civilization, and are known by many names, including Reptoids,; a conjoined word defining Reptilian-Humanoid beings, as well as dinosauroids, lizardfolk or lizardmen.
Contents
1 Mythological references to reptilian humanoids
1.1 The Americas
1.2 Europe
1.3 India
1.4 East Asia
1.5 Middle East
1.6 Africa
2 Modern claims
2.1 Scientific speculation
2.2 Conspiracy theories
2.2.1 Theories of John Rhodes
2.2.2 Riley Martin / Paul Shockley
2.2.3 David Icke
2.2.4 Claims about the Anunnaki
3 In fiction
4 References
5 See also
Mythological references to reptilian humanoids
Many ancient cultures have described reptoids in their traditions and folklore.
The Americas
The Hopi refer to a race of subterranean reptoids called the Sheti, or "Snake-Brothers". In pre-Columbian mythology, the primordial woman Bachue transformed into a large snake. She is also referred to as "the Celestial Snake" (Serpiente Celestial). In accordance with this regional tradition, many users of the drug Dimethyltryptamine (the active ingredient in many South American shamanic potions such as ayahuasca) claim to have seen reptilian humanoids or reptilian disincarnate entities and aliens manifest while hallucinating (Strassman 2000). Jim Morrison, frontman of the psychedelic rock band The Doors, declared his alter ego to be the Lizard King as part of his exploration of Native American shamanism. In Aztec religious history, the benefactor God is Quetzalcoatl, the "feathered snake".
Europe
Cecrops I, the first mythical King of Athens was half man, half snake. In mythology, the Titans and Gigantes were winged-man princes (fairies) with serpents as their retainers. This is illustrated, for example, on a frieze on the Pergamon Altar in Pergamum. In these images from Pergamum, some of which depict gigantomachy, one sees the giant Klyteros with huge serpents between his legs.[1] Boreas (Aquilon to the Romans) was the Greek god of the cold north wind, described by Pausanias as a winged fairy man with serpents between his legs.[2]
India
In Indian scriptures and legends, the Naga (Devanagari: ___) are reptilian beings said to live underground and interact with human beings on the surface. In some versions, these beings were said to have once lived on a continent in the Indian Ocean that sank beneath the waves. Indian texts also refer to a reptilian race called the "Sarpa" (Devanagari: ____). The Syrictæ (Greek: Skiritai; Latin: Sciritae) of India were a tribe of men with snake-like nostrils in place of noses and bandy serpentine legs.
East Asia
The Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese speak throughout their history of Lóng (Yong in Korean, Ryu in Japanese) or dragons, conceived of in both physical and non-physical forms, but rarely depicted in humanoid form, though they may assume a non-reptilian human form.[3] The Japanese have tales of Kappa, which some people[attribution needed] interpret as reptilian humanoids.
In China, Korea and Japan, underwater realms are referred to where the Dragon Kings and their descendants live, as well as a lineage of humans descended from a race of dragons. This lineage was often claimed by East Asian emperors, who were believed to be able to change from human to dragon form at will (the dragon is seen as good rather than evil in Eastern tradition).[4]
Middle East
The Last Judgement (detail) by Hieronymus Bosch, after 1482
In the Middle East, reptilian beings ranging from certain Jinn to dragons and serpent-men have been spoken of since ancient times. In one of the apocryphal books falsely purporting to be the lost Book of Jasher, a serpent race is described.
In the Book of Genesis, God punishes the serpent for deceiving Eve into eating the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil by decreeing, "Upon thy belly thou shalt go, and dust shalt thou eat all the days of your life" (Genesis 3:14 KJV). Traditionally, many have felt this implied that the serpent (a snake or reptile) had legs before then. Thus It is therefore often portrayed in Western art as a humanoid (woman) with a snake's tail, and sometimes lizard-like feet, as in a detail from Bosch's Last Judgement. In the Middle Ages down to modern times, the Devil was often conceived as a humanoid with reptilian characteristics, as were demons in general.
Africa
The ancient Egyptian god Sobek was portrayed as a man with the head of a crocodile. The Dogon people of the central plateau in Mali also have an origin myth consisting of aquatic, reptilian beings referred to as the Nommo, and revered as ancestral spirits and the first beings created by the supreme God, Amma.
Modern claims
Even in modern times, some claim to have encountered reptilian humanoids. In many of these cases, a UFO is part of the encounter; alien abduction narratives sometimes allege contact with reptilian creatures.[5]
Scientific speculation
An image of Dale Russell's hypothetical "dinosauroid"
In a thought experiment published in 1982, paleontologist Dale Russell, curator of vertebrate fossils at the National Museum of Canada in Ottawa, conjectured that, had the Chicxulub meteorite not exterminated the dinosaurs 65 million years ago, bipedal predators (theropods) which existed at that time, such as Troodon, would have evolved into intelligent beings similar in body plan to humans. Troodontids had semi-manipulative fingers, able to grasp and hold objects to a certain degree, and binocular vision. Like most dinosaurs of the troodontid family, this imaginary creature, which Russell called the "Dinosauroid", would have had large eyes and three fingers on each hand, one of which would have been partially opposed. As with most modern reptiles (and birds), its genitalia would have been internal. Russell speculated that it would have required a navel, as a placenta aids the development of a large brain case, however it would not have possessed mammary glands, and would have fed its young, as birds do, on regurgitated food. Its language would have sounded somewhat like bird song. Russell's fanciful speculation has been met with criticism from other paleontologists since the 1980s, many of whom point out that Russell's Dinosauroid is overly anthropomorphic. Gregory S. Paul (1988) and Thomas R. Holtz Jr., consider it "suspiciously human" (Paul, 1988) and argue that a large-brained, highly intelligent troodontid would retain a more standard theropod body plan, with a horizontal posture and long tail, and would probably manipulate objects with the snout and feet in the manner of a bird, rather than with human-like "hands". Darren Naish (2006) pointed to the ground hornbill as a better model for an intelligent dinosaur.[6][7] The artist Nemo Ramjet has used these new approaches to the original thought experiment to re-interpret the Dinosauroid, going so far as to create "Dinosauroid cave art", which depicts sentient, tool-using troodontids and other dinosaurs and pterosaurs, painted using sticks and feathers.[8]
Conspiracy theories
There are many conspiracy theories involving reptilian extraterrestrials, or terrestrials of reptilian lineage. Many posit that the so-called Greys are in fact reptiles, and should be categorized as "Reptoids", others that Reptoids are an entirely different species working with or in opposition to the Greys. Some conspiracy promoters have also claimed that they are capable of shape-shifting (Icke, 2004).
One of the earliest, modern-day reports is that of Ashland, Nebraska police officer Herbert Schirmer. On December 3, 1967, Schirmer claims to have been taken aboard a UFO that appeared just outside of Ashland, where he encountered humanoid beings, 4 feet 6 inches to 5 feet (1.4 m to 1.5 m) tall, who wore close-fitting silvery gray uniforms, boots, and gloves. Their heads were thin, and longer than a human head. The skin on their faces was grey-white, the nose flat, the mouth merely a slit which did not move, even when they spoke. Their eyes were slightly slanted. While only slightly reptilian in their outward appearance, these beings bore a "winged serpent" emblem on the left side of their chest. Schirmer alleged that the beings are from another galaxy, and have bases on Earth.[9]
Theories of John Rhodes
John Rhodes claims to be the first person to seriously investigate and publicly present claims of reptilian-humanoid sightings and/or contact. He established the Reptoids.com[10] Research Center in 1997 to collect, review and present evidence of reptoid activity. He has also appeared on television and radio shows being interviewed about his discoveries and the science supporting the theory of Reptoids.
Rhodes contends that the majority of the reptilian humanoids are descendants of the dinosaurs and are biological byproducts of Earth evolution. Rhodes cites the 1980s thought experiment of Dale Russell as an example of scientific projection that correlates his "Evolved Reptoid" theory. (see above). Rhodes also states that human attention has been intentionally misdirected away from the underworld toward deep space, so the subject of underground Earth dwelling Reptoids and lost ancient civilizations can remain secret.
Rhodes also adds that most accusations of politicians shape-shifting into reptilian humanoids are totally unfounded, and that such reports are simply projections of collective fear and blame for the world's conditions. [citation needed] When questioned as to why Reptoids have become the proverbial "whipping boys" of modern ufology, he responds that it is because people tend to have a knee-jerk reaction to the image that western religious authorities have conditioned us to fear and distrust. [citation needed]
Riley Martin / Paul Shockley
Riley Martin, author of The Coming of Tan and frequent guest of Howard Stern, claims personal knowledge of Targzissians, a malevolent race of reptilians who manage to coexist with six other types of aliens on a mother ship near Saturn.[11]
Paul Shockley, the late "interpreter" (rather like a channeler) for "Cosmic Awareness" (a "Force" claiming to be the same force channeled by the world's foremost spiritual teachers such as Jesus, the Buddha, Mohammed, Krishna, and others), and founder of The Aquarian Church of Universal Service, through its Revelations of Awareness newsletter, also speaks of malevolent reptilian beings. However, he explains that Cosmic Awareness suggests that not all reptilians are malevolent, and that there are benevolent members of this species as well.[12] Cosmic Awareness also claims humans contain reptilian DNA (genes).[13] The 92-4 issue of the newsletter has a detailed illustration of a Borg-like, V-ish incubation chamber of many reptoids.[14]
David Icke
According to David Icke reptilian humanoids are the force behind a worldwide conspiracy directed at manipulation and control of humanity. He contends that most of the world's leaders, from William Jefferson Clinton, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Barack Obama and George W. Bush to members of the British royal family, are in fact related to the 7-foot (2.1 m) tall, blood-drinking reptilians from the star system Alpha Draconis.
According to an interview with David Icke, Christine Fitzgerald, a confidante of the late Diana, Princess of Wales, claims that Diana told her that the Royal Family were reptilian aliens, and that they could shapeshift.[15] David Icke and others have claimed that U.S. President George W. Bush and his family are part of this same bloodline (Icke, 2004).
Icke claims, based on his exploration of genealogical connections to European royalty, that many presidents of the United States have been and are reptilian humanoids. In his view, United States foreign policy after September 11 is the product of a reptilian conspiracy to enslave humanity, with George W. Bush as a servant of the reptilians.
He also theorizes that the reptilians came to Earth from the constellation Draco. One type of reptilian entity that people see during alleged encounters resembles reptoids similar to those that are addressed in the studies of John Rhodes and the Reptoids Research Center(s).
Claims about the Anunnaki
Disputed science:
Reptilian humanoids "Reptoids"
Disciplines:
_ Biology
Core tenets:
_ Certain extraterrestrial intelligent beings, reptilian and humanoid in appearance, exist in and on Earth and have exerted (or are currently exerting) a profound effect on the development of human civilization.
Year proposed:
* unknown
Original proponents:
_ John Rhodes
Current proponents:
_ John Rhodes, David Icke
Author Zecharia Sitchin claims to have translated Sumerian tablets referring to an alien race which created a race of humans to work as slaves in their mines in Africa. This race is called the Anunnaki (or Abbennakki), and Sitchin claims that the "Black-headed" people of Sumer were created by these beings by mingling the "life-essences" of "man and beast". According to Sitchin, the "Black-headed people" were considered slaves in the Sumerian caste hierarchy--beneath their creators. The Sumerian Tablets refer to the creation of the Black-headed people in the geographical area called 'AB.ZU.', which is said to correspond to West Africa. See also Stargate and Outlanders.
The royalty was said to be a combination between "dragons" and humans, or to be direct descendants of the Sun God, Shamhash. Contrary to the claims of David Icke, the Draconian Sun-God aspect of the royalty does not correspond to the Anunnaki, but to a different set of gods. Anunnaki comprised only 23 gods in the Sumerian pantheon, including Enlil (lord of wind/air) and Enki (lord of earth). Other gods were not Anunnaki at all, but were personifications of the Sun, or what were described as 'Sir', or Dragons, in Babylonian. This word, 'Sir', also apparently meant 'great serpent', and is related to the Sanskrit word 'Sarpa', which was also used to describe great "Dragon-Gods" who ruled over, and created, the original Dravidian culture.
Sitchin also suggests that the Annunaki probably still exist in some form or another, with some degree of influence over humanity. These beings are speculated to be either amphibious, reptilian, or quasi-reptilian, from ancient description.
Laurence Gardner, historian and holder of many other titles (the validity of which have been debated), claims that a "Dragon Bloodline" (a "Holy Grail") was created in ancient Sumeria when reptilian aliens called "Anunnaki" descended upon the region and created a royal bloodline through genetic engineering.
In fiction
Main article: Reptilian humanoids in fiction
Reptilian humanoids are a common theme in fiction, whether fantasy or science fiction. They have appeared in various popular treatments, from early pulp short-stories and novellas, to full novels, comic books, television features, films, and the gaming industry. One example in gaming is The Elder Scrolls 4: Oblivion, in which the race of the Argonians are a human like lizard. Argonian Picture
Rods, a rather new entry in the field of cryptozoology, are said to be creatures which flit about in the air at such a high speed as to not be seen by the naked eye. Rods appear to be observational artifacts produced by rapidly flying animals. Practically all sightings of rods are based on video evidence, due to the propensity of video cameras to produce characteristic stroboscopic artifacts when imaging rapidly flying animals, especially insects, but also including birds. Their recent popularity seems to be a result of media exposure in television and in tabloids. Jose Escamilla, has appeared in numerous interviews and television "investigations".
Contents
1 Description
2 Explanations
3 Flying Rod mystery solved
4 Trivia
5 Rods in popular culture
6 Rods in fiction
7 See also
8 External links
Description
Rods gain their name from their rodlike shape. However, they have also been called "flying rods", "skyfish" and "solar entities". They appear to be anywhere from 5 inches to 1 meter in length, and it is proposed that they have a thin membrane across their axis which is used for propulsion through the air, in a manner similar to the way a cuttlefish uses its fins. It has been suggested that Rods are possible relatives of anomalocarids which have taken to the air. Rods are not classified as atmospheric beasts because rods are nearly always described as much smaller than atmospheric beasts, as invisible to the naked eye, and in addition rods have a much shorter history as a subject of research in the fields of cryptozoology and the paranormal.
Explanations
Rods are not taken seriously even by most cryptozoologists. All evidence points to the conclusion that they are mere tricks of light which result from how images (primarily video images) are recorded and played back. In particular, the fast passage before the camera of an insect flapping its wings has been shown directly to produce rod-like effects, due to motion blur, if the camera is shooting with relatively long exposure times. ([1]) (In low-light conditions or even when pointed at blue sky, the automatic exposure programming of a video camera is likely to select the longest possible exposure time, which is 1/60th second per video field for NTSC format or 1/50th second for PAL format.) This criticism points to such video being physically unable to capture a clean image of something which moves so fast relative to the camera. In particular, the "membrane" in a video frame of a rod is effectively a time-lapse of the wings of the flying animal in different positions over several wingbeats that occurred during the field exposure time, while the central "rod" is a time-lapse image of the body, showing the full distance traveled during the field exposure time. The effect is especially pronounced with large, long-bodied insects which have broad wings and fairly slow wingbeats, such as mantises, grasshoppers, and katydids, or completely opaque wings such as moths. On video equipment which resolves the two interlaced fields of a single video frame (which are captured successively and then displayed as alternating horizontal lines), the "rod" effect can be seen to alternate from one field to the other, producing the distinctive gaps between successive images ([2]). Similar results can be produced using standard film, if there is a long exposure and/or a stroboscopic lighting effect which lasts more than a single wingbeat. This is the technical evidence, demonstrating that one can produce "rod" effects at will if one uses the right equipment, lighting, and subject.
Flying Rod mystery solved
On 8th and 9th August 2005, China Central Television (CCTV) aired a two-part documentary about flying rods in China. It reported an incident which happened from May to June of the same year at Tonghua Zhenguo Pharmaceutical Company in Tonghua City, Jilin Province, which debunked the flying rods. ([3]) Surveillance cameras in the facility's compound captured video footage of flying rods identical to those shown in Jose Escamilla's video. Getting no satisfactory answer to the phenomenon, the curious research staff of the facility, being scientists, decided that they would try to solve the mystery by attempting to catch these airborne creatures. Huge nets were set up and the same surveillance cameras captured rods flying into the trap. When the nets were inspected, the "rods" were no more than regular moths and other ordinary flying insects. Subsequent investigations proved that the appearance of flying rods on video was an optical illusion created by the slower recording speed of the camera (done to save video space). This is the empirical evidence, showing that the "rods" themselves can be captured, and that they do indeed prove to be ordinary animals.
Venusian
Planet Venus
Creature
Name:
Venusian
Classification
Grouping:
Extraterrestrial
Data
Country:
Venus
Status:
Unconfirmed
In science fiction and ufology, a Venusian is a native inhabitant of the planet Venus.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Venusians in literature
3 Venusians in film and television
4 Venusians in Ufology
5 See also
6 References
The classically correct form of the word should be "Venerean" or "Venerian" (cf. Latin: venereus, venerius "belonging to the goddess Venus"), but these forms were only used by a few authors (e.g. Robert A. Heinlein). Scientists sometimes use the adjective "Cytherean" to describe Venus, from the goddess' epithet Cytherea.
[edit]Venusians in literature
_ In the "Venus series" of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Burroughs created a fictitious 'Venusian' alphabet supposedly used by the Venusians (or "Amtorians" - as "Amtor" is what the natives call their planet). His artificial Amtor letters flow nicely together like cursive writing.[1]
_ In Charles R. Tanner's "Tumithak of the Corridors" (1932) and its sequels, Venus is the homeworld of the shelks, spider-like aliens who have conquered Earth and forced most of the few surviving humans underground.
_ In H. P. Lovecraft's "The Diary of Alonzo Typer" (1938), part of the Cthulhu Mythos, there are mentions of the "Lords of Venus", and conflicting indications that the Serpent People originated there.
_ In the British comic Dan Dare (1950-1967), Venus is inhabited by Treens and Therons.
_ I Am the Doorway, a short story in Stephen King's 1971 collection Night Shift, concerns an astronaut who returns from a tragic mission to Venus to find himself possessed by a murderously terrified alien entity.
_ In Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (1972), Willy Wonka says that Venus used to be home to an alien race before they were "gobbled up" by vermicious knids.
_ In Jacqueline Susann's romance Yargo (1979), Venus is said to be inhabited by bees that are as big as horses.
Venusians in film and television
_ The creature in It Conquered the World (1956) is from Venus. It resembles a large carrot with teeth and a nasty grin.
_ 20 Million Miles to Earth (1957) deals with the crash near Sicily of a spaceship returning from an expedition to Venus and the rampage by a creature brought back. (There are no scenes of Venus, and we are told very little about it.) The creature (called in production, but not in the film, a "Ymir") is a reptilian humanoid with perhaps the intelligence of a chimpanzee. The film was animated by Ray Harryhausen.
_ Venusian visitors sometimes appeared on the "The Twilight Zone", (specifically the episodes "Mr. Dingle, the Strong" and "Will the Real Martian Please Stand Up?"), as a means of further twisting stories already featuring Martian visitors with similar goals.
Venusians in Ufology
Many supposed contactees of the 1950s such as George Adamski [2] and Howard Menger claimed to have encountered friendly human-like Venusians, usually blond-haired Nordic-like beings.
Extraterrestrial life in popular culture
For the scientific concept, see extraterrestrial life.
See also: List of extraterrestrials in fiction
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A scene from the motion picture, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial.
In popular cultures, life forms--especially intelligent life forms, that are of extraterrestrial origin, i.e. not coming from the Earth--are referred to collectively as aliens, or sometimes visitors.
This usage is clearly anthropocentric: when humans in fictional accounts accomplish interstellar travel and land on a planet elsewhere in the universe, the local inhabitants of these other planets are usually still referred to as "alien," even though they are the native life form and the humans are the intruders. In general they are seen as unfriendly life forms. This may be seen as a reversion to the classic meaning of "alien" (see foreigner) as referring to "other," in contrast to "us" in the context of the writer's frame of reference.
Contents
1 Aliens in poetry
2 Historical ideas
3 See also
3.1 Types of alien
3.2 UFOs
3.3 Other alien phenomena
3.4 Alien studies
3.5 Aliens in fiction
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links
Aliens in poetry
There is a long history of writing about imagined meetings between aliens and humans, and poetry is no exception. Many serious poets, including former poets laureate Stanley Kunitz and Robert Hayden, have written celebrated poems on the topic of life beyond our world. The best of these poems complicate the expectations of the reader, such as Kunitz's poem "The Abduction" which subverts the popular notion of alien abduction by describing the event surreally and without the typical cast of characters. Other poems take on the topic as a way to offer an alternate view of humanity, or even a cultural critique. In Robert Hayden's poem "American Journal," an extraterrestrial describes American behavior to his superiors, and similarly, "The White Fires of Venus" by Denis Johnson, relates the observations of the inhabitants of Venus about humanity.
Historical ideas
The fictionalization of extraterrestrial life occurred before the 20th century. The didactic poet Henry More took up the classical theme of Cosmic pluralism of the Greek Democritus in "Democritus Platonissans, or an Essay Upon the Infinity of Worlds" (1647).[1] With the new relative viewpoint that understood "our world's sunne / Becomes a starre elsewhere", More made the speculative leap to extrasolar planets,
the frigid spheres that 'bout them fare;
Which of themselves quite dead and barren are,
But by the wakening warmth of kindly dayes,
And the sweet dewie nights, in due course raise
Long hidden shapes and life, to their great Maker's praise.
The possibility of extraterrestrial life was a commonplace of educated discourse in the 17th century, though in Paradise Lost (1667)[2] Milton cautiously employed the conditional when the angel suggests to Adam the possibility of life on the Moon:
Her spots thou seest
As clouds, and clouds may rain, and rain produce
Fruits in her softened soil, for some to eat
Allotted there; and other Suns, perhaps,
With their attendant Moons, thou wilt descry,
Communicating male and female light,
Which two great sexes animate the World,
Stored in each Orb perhaps with some that live.
Ancient stories and texts about demons, as in the Bible, may also have some connection to modern stories about alien abductions, mind control, and so on.
Fontanelle's "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds" with its similar excursions on the possibility of extraterrestrial life, expanding rather than denying the creative sphere of a Maker, was translated into English in 1686.[3] In "The Excursion" (1728) David Mallet exclaimed, "Ten thousand worlds blaze forth; each with his train/Of peopled worlds."[4]
